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避免抄襲的七大方法之六：磨練訪談技巧
【學術專欄】
真正的學者不會竊取他人的想法，不過研究過程中，有時可能無意間侵占了其他研究者的想法或表達方式。本系列「避免抄襲的七大方法」提供訣竅，幫助你避免不小心冒用他人的心血結晶。每則訣竅將刊登在 TPS 專頁。
A true scholar is not a thief. Yet stealing another researcher’s ideas or method of expressing them sometimes happens inadvertently in the course of research. How to avoid accidentally passing off someone else’s work as your own is the subject of this series, “7 Tips for Avoiding Plagiarism.” Each of the tips will be presented on the TPS Fan page before being compiled with the others as a series.
Tip # 6 – Hone your interview skills
方法六：磨練訪談技巧
Much of the material utilized in an academic paper will come from books, cataloged papers, and other printed material, as well as from electronic and online sources. Handling of information from those sources has been addressed in previous tips. But what about the scientific peer, the working historian, or the discovered contemporary whose insights are not written down? This is where interviewing skills can elicit information—while giving full credit to the living source.
學術論文使用的材料多半來自書本、編入目錄中的論文、其他紙本資料，以及電子與線上資料，本單元前幾篇討論了如何處理這些來源的訊息。但如果科學界同行、持續研究的歷史學者，或有探討發現的當代學者尚未將見解付諸筆墨呢？此時訪談技巧就能幫助探究資訊，此類資料同樣也必須充分標註來源。
The recording of answers in an interview first of all has a mechanical dimension. The answers do not exist until the person being interviewed speaks. If they are not property recorded, they still do not exist. Therefore, it is important to test and properly operate a recording device before and during an interview. As a backup, it also is a good idea for the interviewer to take as many notes as possible without losing the thread of the conversation or treating the interviewee rudely.
首先，紀錄受訪者的答案涉及操作層面，受訪對象開口前，答案並不存在，若訪問沒有適當紀錄，答案依然不存在。因此，訪談前與訪談中，一定要測試錄音器材能否正確運作。訪談者也可以作筆記，以備不時之需，但不能因為作筆記而影響談話的思路，或對受訪人不夠禮貌。
In written notes, the assumption should be that all sentences or sentence parts are exact quotes.Quotes, paraphrases, and interviewer observations must be clearly denoted, perhaps using pens with different ink colors. Distinguishing among the notes is especially vital when a digital recording is not allowed. Memory should not be relied upon to make the notational distinctions. If a sloppy writer inadvertently steals verbal expression by calling it his own, he is a plagiarist.
手寫筆記時，所有句子或片段都必須確實引用，清楚區別「引用」、「換句話說」或「訪談者觀察」，可以分別用不同顏色的筆來記錄。若無法以數位方式錄音，區分筆記的不同內容便特別重要，而且區分不能依賴記憶。若作者太草率，誤把受訪者說的話當作自己說的，就會構成剽竊。
A true scholar is not a thief. Yet stealing another researcher’s ideas or method of expressing them sometimes happens inadvertently in the course of research. How to avoid accidentally passing off someone else’s work as your own is the subject of this series, “7 Tips for Avoiding Plagiarism.” Each of the tips will be presented on the TPS Fan page before being compiled with the others as a series.
Tip # 6 – Hone your interview skills
方法六：磨練訪談技巧
Much of the material utilized in an academic paper will come from books, cataloged papers, and other printed material, as well as from electronic and online sources. Handling of information from those sources has been addressed in previous tips. But what about the scientific peer, the working historian, or the discovered contemporary whose insights are not written down? This is where interviewing skills can elicit information—while giving full credit to the living source.
學術論文使用的材料多半來自書本、編入目錄中的論文、其他紙本資料，以及電子與線上資料，本單元前幾篇討論了如何處理這些來源的訊息。但如果科學界同行、持續研究的歷史學者，或有探討發現的當代學者尚未將見解付諸筆墨呢？此時訪談技巧就能幫助探究資訊，此類資料同樣也必須充分標註來源。
The recording of answers in an interview first of all has a mechanical dimension. The answers do not exist until the person being interviewed speaks. If they are not property recorded, they still do not exist. Therefore, it is important to test and properly operate a recording device before and during an interview. As a backup, it also is a good idea for the interviewer to take as many notes as possible without losing the thread of the conversation or treating the interviewee rudely.
首先，紀錄受訪者的答案涉及操作層面，受訪對象開口前，答案並不存在，若訪問沒有適當紀錄，答案依然不存在。因此，訪談前與訪談中，一定要測試錄音器材能否正確運作。訪談者也可以作筆記，以備不時之需，但不能因為作筆記而影響談話的思路，或對受訪人不夠禮貌。
In written notes, the assumption should be that all sentences or sentence parts are exact quotes.Quotes, paraphrases, and interviewer observations must be clearly denoted, perhaps using pens with different ink colors. Distinguishing among the notes is especially vital when a digital recording is not allowed. Memory should not be relied upon to make the notational distinctions. If a sloppy writer inadvertently steals verbal expression by calling it his own, he is a plagiarist.
手寫筆記時，所有句子或片段都必須確實引用，清楚區別「引用」、「換句話說」或「訪談者觀察」，可以分別用不同顏色的筆來記錄。若無法以數位方式錄音，區分筆記的不同內容便特別重要，而且區分不能依賴記憶。若作者太草率，誤把受訪者說的話當作自己說的，就會構成剽竊。